Definition

Insects are commonly encountered animals in our daily lives, some of which include ants, mosquitoes, flies, mites, bees, tomcats, and other species. When an insect perceives a threat, it may respond by biting. In addition to biting, certain insects are also capable of stinging. 

Insect bites trigger exaggerated hypersensitivity or immunological responses in the human body. The insect will transmit toxins through its sting or bite, leading to symptoms in the bitten individual. Insect saliva is typically an allergen that may stimulate the human immune system.

Insect bites on human skin can result in sores and other symptoms. Typically, this condition is not harmful. In severe instances, insect bites can trigger allergic responses and potentially lead to shock, resulting in a loss of consciousness.

Causes

The cause of an insect bite reaction can vary depending on the type of insect. Insects mostly cause immunological reactions after biting through their saliva and venom.

 Various types of insects can cause bites and stings. Some types of insects that bite include:

• Mosquitoes
• Fleas
• Spiders
• Millipedes
• Mites

Insects that can sting include the following:

• Bees 
• Wasps
• Fire ants or red ants
• Scorpions

Risk factor

You may encounter the possibility of insect bites and subsequent immune reactions, influenced by various factors, including:

• Residing in close proximity to wet and humid environments, such as wetlands or open regions like forests
• Engaging with animals in a professional or personal setting
• Participating in extensive outdoor activities
• Residing in hot and tropical regions
• Not using sufficient protection, for example:
• Not using a mosquito net in an area full of mosquito
• Wearing clothes that do not provide full coverage to the skin
• Foregoing insect repellent lotion
• Engaging in insect collection as a hobby

Symptoms

Insect bites or stings typically result in tiny red bumps that may be uncomfortable or painful. Most of the effects from the bites will subside and vanish within a few hours or days. Typically, insect bites will result in symptoms such as:

• Edema
• Red rash
• Discomfort, burning sensation, numbness or tingling in the affected area of the body 
• Muscle ache
• Pruritus

The following symptoms may occur in severe insect bite reactions that necessitate emergency medical attention:

• Fever
• Breathing difficulty
• Nausea or vomiting
• Muscles spasms 
• Rapid heartbeat
• Swelling of the lips and throat
• Decreased consciousness

Insect bites or stings can lead to various symptoms and signs.

• Mosquito bites result in small, round, reddish bumps, edema, and irritation. The symptoms manifest promptly following a mosquito bite.
• Fire ant bites can produce symptoms such as red swelling and blisters on the skin. It results in itchiness and a burning sensation that may persist for up to a week. Some individuals who are allergic to fire ants may experience swelling, itching, and breathing difficulties in the area where they got bitten.
• Tick bites typically occur on the soles of the feet. The bites can cause itchiness and result in red bumps surrounded by reddish skin. Upon being bitten, symptoms immediately manifest.
• Symptoms of scabies often manifest 4–6 weeks after the bite, characterized by intense pruritus, particularly at night. The rash may resemble small blisters or red, scaly, tunnel-like patches that create a slightly elevated white line.
• Spider bites result in red, tender, pimple-like bumps at the bitten site. Two puncture wounds may be apparent on the affected area. Certain spider bites can lead to severe allergic responses.
• Symptoms of bee stings include pain, redness, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area. A white mark will develop on the stung area of the skin.
• Wasp stings can result in intense pain, redness, swelling, itching, or burning at the sting site. Wasps can exhibit aggressive behavior and can sting many times, potentially causing stings in various locations on your body.

Diagnosis

Insect bites are often diagnosed based on medical anamnesis and physical examination. Most individuals are aware when they have been bitten or stung by insects because they usually see the insects that have bitten them. Thus, providing details about the bug that bit you is crucial and should be shared when doctors inquire. Furthermore, your symptoms, physical signs, and medical history about the insect bites must be thoroughly investigated during the medical interview.

The doctor will do a physical examination to assess the bitten or stung part of the body and identify any emergency symptoms in the patient.

Diagnostic tests are seldom performed when diagnosing mild cases of insect bites. If severe symptoms arise from insect bites or if there is suspicion of infection or other medical conditions in the affected area, a doctor may order specific laboratory tests to determine the presence of other diseases.

Management

Mild bug bites or stings can be managed at home. Some steps that can be taken include:

• Remove the insect from your skin if it is still present
• Take the individual impacted by the insect bites to a secure location to prevent more bites from happening
• Thoroughly cleanse the affected area by washing and rinsing it with fresh water and soap
• Apply a cold compress on the bitten area for 10-20 minutes to reduce pain and swelling
• Raise and position your limbs higher if the bites are on your hands or feet
• Topical antipruritics or oral analgesics like paracetamol can be used for pain relief

Severe insect bites or stings require more intensive treatment. Suppose you encounter someone experiencing a severe reaction to insect bites or stings. In that case, you can assist by loosening their clothing, placing their body on its side, and administering CPR if they are not breathing and have no heartbeat until paramedics arrive.

If you are bitten by a scorpion or black spider, it is recommended to promptly go to the nearest healthcare facility, regardless of the symptoms you may be experiencing. 

Complications

Insect bites or stings typically resolve on their own within a few days. Regular monitoring of the bitten area on the body part is important due to the possibility of infection. If the bitten area worsens and does not improve after a few weeks, it is recommended to seek medical attention at the nearest healthcare facility.

Prevention

Insect presence might be unpredictable. When seeing a nest of specific insects, it is advisable to seek assistance from a doctor to eliminate the nest. Measures that could be done to prevent insect bites include:

• Wearing hats and clothes that cover all areas of the body
• Avoid using perfumes and scented lotions
• Cover food and drinks to prevent insects from approaching
• Apply creams with insect-repellent properties 

When to see a doctor?

Insect bites or stings are mostly benign. Nevertheless, they may lead to severe allergic responses in certain instances. Seek urgent medical attention at the ER if you have symptoms such as:

• Difficulty breathing
• Edema of the lips, face, eyelids, or throat
• Dizziness, fainting, or loss of consciousness
• Faint and rapid pulse
• Itchiness
• Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea

If insect bite symptoms persist for 2-3 days after being treated at home, it is essential to consult a doctor promptly.

Looking for more information about other diseases? Click here!