Definition

Anemia is a condition where the body lacks enough healthy red blood cells to meet the oxygen demands of various tissues and organs. It is a significant global health issue, primarily affecting children and pregnant women. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 40% of pregnant women and 42% of children under five worldwide suffer from anemia.

There are many types of anemia with different causes. Below are the types of anemia:

• Iron deficiency anemia

This is the most common type, resulting from insufficient iron levels in the body. Iron is essential for red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Without enough iron, the body cannot produce enough red blood cells.

• Vitamin deficiency anemia

In addition to iron, the body requires vitamin B9 (folate) and vitamin B12 for healthy red blood cell production. Medical conditions that affect nutrient absorption or insufficient intake of these vitamins can hinder red blood cell production.

• Anemia of chronic disease

Long-term inflammation associated with chronic diseases can impair red blood cell production in the bone marrow. This type of anemia is often seen in conditions such as:

• Blood cancers like leukemia or myelofibrosis.
• HIV/AIDS.
• Rheumatoid arthritis.
• Hypothyroidism.
• Advanced kidney disease.
• Crohn's disease, etc

• Aplastic anemia

This rare but life-threatening condition occurs when the body fails to produce new red blood cells.

• Hemolytic anemia

This group of anemias results from a faster rate of red blood cell destruction than bone marrow production. Red blood cells are vulnerable to stress and may rupture easily.

• Sickle cell anemia

Inherited within families due to a gene mutation, this type causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped. These abnormal cells are more prone to early destruction and can block small blood vessels, leading to tissue oxygen deprivation.

Causes

Hemoglobin, a protein rich in iron found inside red blood cells, is vital in transporting oxygen from the lungs to various body parts. Additionally, hemoglobin aids in transporting carbon dioxide from body tissues to the lungs for exhalation.

Most blood cells, including red blood cells, are produced in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside large bones. To produce hemoglobin and red blood cells, the body requires essential nutrients such as iron, vitamin B-12, folate, and other nutrients obtained from the food you consume.

Anemia can occur due to the following issues:

• Insufficient nutrients are needed for the production of red blood cells.
• Reduced production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
• Accelerated breakdown of red blood cells.
• Presence of chronic diseases or inflammation.
• Sudden blood loss resulting from injury or bleeding.
• Genetic mutations affect red blood cell function or production.

Risk factor

Factors that can increase your risk of developing anemia include:

• Inadequate intake of certain vitamins and minerals, such as a diet low in iron, vitamin B9, vitamin B12, and copper.
• Presence of certain diseases, including:
• Digestive tract diseases that impair nutrient absorption in the small intestine, such as Crohn's disease or gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Chronic long-term diseases.
• Blood cancers.
• History of bleeding or certain infections.
• Women are at risk of developing anemia during pregnancy.
• History of heavy menstrual bleeding.
• Family history of inherited anemia, such as sickle cell anemia.
• Regular use of medications that affect red blood cell production.
• Individuals over the age of 65.
• Excessive long-term alcohol consumption.

Symptoms

The symptoms of anemia can vary depending on the severity and underlying causes. In mild cases, there may be no symptoms. However, as the condition worsens, you may experience:

• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Pale skin
• Irregular heartbeat
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Chest pain
• Cold hands and feet
• Headaches, etc.

Diagnosis

To diagnose anemia, doctors typically begin by gathering information about your medical and family history, conduct a physical examination, and perform additional tests, including:

• Complete blood count (CBC): This test measures the levels of various blood cells in your blood sample.
• Examination to observe the size and shape of red blood cells.

If anemia is diagnosed, further tests may be recommended to determine its underlying cause. In cases where a bone marrow-related disorder is suspected, a bone marrow sample examination may be conducted.

Management

The doctor will investigate the cause of anemia, whether it's due to inadequate nutrient intake, the use of certain medications, or an underlying medical condition.

Therapy for nutritional deficiency anemia typically involves supplementation, such as iron, vitamin B9, or B12, depending on the specific nutrient deficiency. The doctor may also recommend dietary changes.

If an underlying disease is causing the anemia, such as a digestive disorder affecting nutrient absorption or bleeding leading to blood loss, the doctor will prioritize addressing the underlying condition. Additionally, medications suspected of causing anemia will be discontinued.

Complications

If left untreated, anemia can lead to various health complications, including:

• Extreme fatigue, which can significantly impair daily functioning.
• Pregnant women with folate deficiency anemia are at higher risk of complications, such as premature birth.
• Anemia can disrupt heart rhythm. The heart may pump more blood to compensate for the lack of oxygen, leading to heart enlargement or heart failure.
• Certain inherited anemias, like sickle cell anemia, can result in life-threatening complications. Severe and rapid blood loss can lead to acute and potentially fatal anemia. In older adults, untreated anemia is associated with an increased risk of mortality.

Prevention

While some types of anemia cannot be prevented, you can reduce the risk of iron and vitamin deficiency anemia by incorporating a balanced diet rich in essential vitamins and minerals. Consider including the following foods:

• Iron-rich foods include beef, poultry, fish, legumes, iron-fortified cereals, dark leafy green vegetables (e.g., spinach, kale), and dried fruits (e.g., raisins, apricots).
• Foods high in vitamin B12 include meat (especially liver), poultry, fish, dairy products, fortified cereals, and soy.
• Foods rich in vitamin C include citrus fruits (e.g., oranges, lemons), bell peppers, broccoli, tomatoes, melons, and strawberries. Vitamin C enhances iron absorption from plant-based sources.

When to see a doctor?

If you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above for an extended period without knowing the cause, you must consult a doctor for further evaluation and diagnosis.

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