Definition
Urolithiasis, or renal stones, is a condition characterized by the formation of stones in the urinary tract. These stones develop when minerals crystallize in urine and can be found anywhere in the urinary tract, including the ureter (the tube connecting the kidney to the bladder), bladder, and urethra (the tube where urine exits). However, the most common locations for these stones are in the kidneys (nephrolithiasis) and bladder.
The minerals most frequently implicated in stone formation include calcium oxalate, phosphate, struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate), and uric acid. Approximately 80% of stones consist of calcium oxalate or phosphate. While urolithiasis typically originates in the kidneys, the stones can migrate and lodge along various points of the urinary tract, from the ureter to the bladder and occasionally the urethra.
Stones obstructing the urinary tract can cause symptoms such as abdominal or lower back pain. While small stones may pass out of the urinary tract spontaneously, larger stones often require specific medical intervention for removal. Stones left untreated in the urinary tract can lead to infections and other complications.
Men are more predisposed to urolithiasis than women, with a ratio of 3:1. The peak age for stone occurrence in men is typically between 40 and 60 years, whereas in women, it is commonly in the late 20s.
Causes
Urolithiasis develops when urine contains a higher concentration of stone-forming substances, such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid, compared to the fluid in the urine needed to dissolve them. Additionally, urine may lack substances that prevent stone formation. Consequently, urine becomes concentrated, leading its components to crystallize and eventually form stones.
The most prevalent components of stones in the urinary tract are calcium stones. However, stones can also consist of other substances such as uric acid, cystine, or struvite. This condition arises due to the elevated concentration of these components in the urine.
Calcium Stones
Generally, stones are composed of calcium, typically in the form of calcium oxalate. Oxalate is a substance produced daily by the liver and obtained from food sources. Certain fruits and vegetables, such as nuts and chocolate, have high oxalate content. Dietary factors, high-dose vitamin D intake, and severe metabolic disorders can elevate the levels of calcium or oxalate in urine.
Calcium stones can also manifest in the form of calcium phosphate. This type of stone is more frequently observed in individuals with metabolic diseases. Patients with urinary tract stones composed of calcium are also linked to certain medications used for migraines or seizures, such as topiramate.
Uric Acid Stones
Uric acid stones can form in various circumstances, including:
- Individuals experiencing significant fluid loss due to prolonged diarrhea or malabsorption disorders.
- Individuals consume a diet high in protein.
- Patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome.
- Those suffering from gout or joint inflammation are caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals.
- Individuals with genetic predispositions.
Other Stones
Struvite stones typically form as a response to urinary tract infections. On the other hand, cystine stones typically develop in individuals with a hereditary condition called cystinuria. This condition causes the kidneys to excrete certain amino acids in the urine, leading to the formation of cystine stones.
In addition to the previously mentioned factors, renal stones can also be formed due to the following reasons:
- Infection: The presence of an infection disrupts the bladder's ability to hold, store, and release urine, increasing the likelihood of bladder stone formation.
- Enlarged prostate gland: This condition, primarily occurring in males, can lead to the formation of bladder stones. Prostate enlargement disrupts urine flow and hinders complete bladder emptying.
- Nerve damage: Nerves throughout the urinary tract play a crucial role in signaling the brain to empty the bladder when it's full. Damage to these nerves, resulting from conditions such as stroke, spinal cord injury, or other health issues, can lead to incomplete bladder emptying, known as neurogenic bladder.
- Inflammation: Inflammation of the bladder or other parts of the urinary tract can occur due to urinary tract infections or radiation therapy in the pelvic area.
- Use of medical devices: Medical devices like catheters or urinary tubes inserted into the urethra and bladder to aid in urination can also contribute to the formation of mineral crystals on their surfaces.
- Changes in urinary composition: Urine typically contains substances that inhibit stone formation. However, changes in the urinary composition can disrupt this balance, increasing the risk of stone formation.
Risk factor
Risk factors for urinary tract stones vary widely, with bladder stone formation becoming more prevalent in older men, typically above the age of 50.
Different types of stones can form due to various risk factors, including diet, personal and family health history related to stones, environmental factors, and medications. Factors that can increase the risk of developing stones in urolithiasis include:
- Family and personal history: If a family member has experienced urinary tract stones, the likelihood of experiencing urolithiasis increases. Having a history of urinary tract stones also raises the risk of recurrence.
- Dehydration: Inadequate daily fluid intake can heighten the risk of urinary tract stone formation. Individuals living in hot and dry climates, as well as those who sweat excessively, are at higher risk of dehydration.
- Specific diet: High-protein, high-salt, and high-sugar diets elevate the risk of forming certain types of stones, particularly those related to high salt intake.
- Obesity: Being overweight is associated with an increased risk of urinary tract stones.
- Digestive diseases and surgeries: Conditions affecting calcium and water absorption, such as digestive diseases and surgeries, can increase the amount of stone-forming substances in the urine.
- Medical conditions and certain medications: Certain supplements and medications, such as vitamin C, dietary supplements, overused laxatives, calcium-containing antacids, and medications used for migraine and depression therapy, can raise the risk of urinary tract stone formation. Medical conditions like recurrent urinary tract infections can also be risk factors for urinary tract stones.
Symptoms
The symptoms of urolithiasis can vary, ranging from no complaints at all to severe pain. Kidney stones that become lodged in the ureter can obstruct urine flow, causing urine to back up into the kidney and resulting in kidney swelling. Additionally, stones can induce the ureter to contract, leading to significant pain. If this occurs, you may experience symptoms such as:
- Severe sharp pain on the lower side of the body, which may radiate to the lower abdomen and groin.
- Intermittent pain with varying intensity.
- Pain or burning sensation during urination.
Other symptoms and signs that may accompany the pain include:
- Cloudy, foul-smelling, or discolored urine (pink/red/brown).
- Frequent urge to urinate and passing small amounts of urine each time.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Fever and chills.
Diagnosis
The doctor will conduct a medical interview to inquire about the patient's complaints and symptoms. During the physical examination, the doctor will search for clinical signs suggestive of renal stones. If renal stones are suspected, the doctor will recommend diagnostic tests such as:
- Blood Tests: These tests can reveal excess calcium or uric acid in the blood, monitor kidney health, and detect other medical conditions.
- Urine Tests: Urine tests can detect the presence of excess red blood cells, white blood cells, or minerals that form stones in the urine.
- Imaging Studies: These tests are performed to visualize kidney stones in the urinary tract. Doctors may choose to perform an ultrasound, X-ray, CT scan, or MRI of the abdomen, kidneys, or urinary organs.
- Stone Analysis: Different types of kidney stones can form based on their causes. Stone analysis can determine the composition of the stone, providing guidance on how to reduce the risk of future stone formation.
Management
Generally, the therapy for urolithiasis depends on the type of stone and its underlying cause. Small stones with minimal symptoms often do not require aggressive therapy. Patients may be advised to increase fluid intake to keep the urine diluted and prevent stone formation. Pain relievers are typically prescribed to alleviate discomfort. In cases where stones are infected, antibiotics may also be prescribed.
The doctor may also prescribe medications to aid in the passage of stones. These medications belong to the alpha-blocker group, which functions by relaxing the muscles of the ureter. This relaxation facilitates the passage of stones with minimal pain. In cases of large stones causing severe symptoms such as bleeding, urinary tract infections, or kidney damage, more aggressive therapy may be required. These therapies include:
- ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy): This procedure uses sound waves to generate shock waves that can break up stones into smaller pieces.
- Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A surgical procedure used to remove very large stones from the kidney.
- Ureteroscopy: This procedure involves the use of a thin tube equipped with a light and camera. The tube is inserted into the ureter to remove small stones in the ureter or kidney.
Complications
Urolitiasis can cause complications if not treated early on. Complications that can occur are:
- Impaired kidney function, potentially progressing to kidney failure. This risk is particularly heightened if the urinary tract becomes completely obstructed, resulting in permanent kidney damage.
- Hydronephrosis, a condition characterized by the backing up of urine into the kidney. This increases pressure within the kidney, leading to swelling and potential damage
- Urinary tract infections,which can arise due to the accumulation of urine, provide a conducive environment for bacterial growth. In severe cases, infections may spread to the bloodstream, leading to sepsis.
- Kidney infection, also known as pyelonephritis, which can develop as a result of untreated urinary tract infections.
- Sepsis, a severe condition characterized by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, which can arise from untreated infections.
Prevention
Several medications can prevent the formation of certain stones, typically prescribed by a doctor. Additionally, at home, you can take the following measures to reduce the risk of urolithiasis:
- Drink an adequate amount of water throughout the day, aiming for at least 2-3 liters per day.
- Reduce consumption of foods high in oxalate and uric acid.
- Follow a low-salt and low-animal protein diet.
- Consume foods high in calcium, but be cautious with calcium supplements.
- Avoid holding urine and empty your bladder regularly.
- Seek medical attention promptly if you have risk factors such as prostate enlargement, urinary tract infections, or nerve problems.
When to see a doctor?
You should seek medical help immediately if you experience symptoms such as:
- Severe pain that prevents you from sitting still or finding a comfortable position.
- Pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
- Pain accompanied by fever and chills.
- Blood in the urine.
- Difficulty urinating.
Looking for more information about other diseases? Click here!
- dr Anita Larasati Priyono
