Definition

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with approximately 9.5 million cases recorded in 2018 and projections suggesting this number could rise to 16 million by 2040. A significant factor contributing to the high mortality rate is the late-stage detection of most cancers, often due to limited availability of fast and accurate early detection technologies.

Cyfra, or cytokeratin testing, is a biomarker test used for certain cancers, including lung and oral cancers, as well as other types. Cytokeratin is a surface marker released but not eliminated during the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells. Cyfra 21-1 is a cytokeratin fragment that dissolves in blood serum and serves as a tumor marker.

Although cytokeratin is present in all body tissues, it is most prominently associated with lung cancer. Cyfra testing is highly sensitive and specific for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Additionally, Cyfra levels in serum help identify high-risk patients, assist in chemotherapy adjustments, and facilitate early detection of progressive disease or NSCLC recurrence. Cyfra is also valuable as a marker for throat carcinoma and in monitoring bladder cancer therapy.

Indications

Your doctor may recommend a Cyfra test if you exhibit symptoms of lung cancer or are undergoing therapy for cancer, such as lung or lymph node cancer.

This test is primarily utilized to assess and monitor treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To confirm the diagnosis and gather additional data, your doctor may recommend supplementary tests alongside the Cyfra test.

Contraindications

The Cyfra test is generally considered safe with minimal associated risks. There are no specific contraindications for undergoing this test. It is advisable to discuss the procedure with your doctor to address any concerns.

Preparation Before the Test

No special preparation is required for a Cyfra test. You do not need to fast before the procedure. Continue taking any regular medications as prescribed, but inform your doctor about them. It’s essential to follow any additional instructions provided by your doctor prior to the test.

Test Procedure

The Cyfra test involves obtaining a blood sample. A laboratory staff cleans the arm with an alcohol swab and collects blood from a vein using a sterile syringe. For infants, blood is typically drawn from the heel.

When blood is drawn from a vein, the skin is cleaned with an antiseptic. A tourniquet is applied to the arm to increase blood flow in the veins. A needle is then inserted into a vein, usually in the inner arm, elbow, or back of the hand, and blood is collected in a vial or syringe. After the blood sample is collected, the tourniquet is removed, and a bandage is applied to the puncture site to stop bleeding.

The collected blood is then analyzed using specialized laboratory equipment. Test results are typically available within a day. The risks associated with the test are minimal, though some individuals may experience mild discomfort, dizziness, or bruising at the site of the blood draw. These side effects usually subside quickly. The entire procedure, including preparation and cleanup, generally takes about 10 minutes.

Normal and Abnormal Values

The normal Cyfra test value in healthy individuals is typically ≦3.3 ng/ml. Elevated Cyfra levels may indicate signs or indications of certain tumors. However, test results can vary depending on the laboratory performing the analysis. Therefore, it is essential to discuss your results with your doctor for accurate interpretation.

Results and Recommendations (Further Testing)

Generally, abnormal Cyfra test results, particularly elevated levels, can suggest the presence of a tumor in the lungs. It is crucial to consult your doctor to review both the test findings and their diagnostic conclusions.

The following outcomes are associated with Cyfra test results:

• Increased Cyfra 21-1 levels may indicate that the current treatment is not effective.
• Decreased Cyfra 21-1 levels may indicate that the treatment is progressing well.
• Unchanged Cyfra 21-1 levels may indicate that the treatment has not been effective and requires reassessment.

If Cyfra levels remain unchanged, the doctor may recommend additional treatments or adjustments to your therapy plan to improve outcomes.

Consult the Right Doctor

For abnormal Cyfra test results, it is recommended to consult a general practitioner for an initial diagnosis and appropriate therapy. If further specialization is required, consider visiting an internal medicine specialist or a surgical oncologist. Your doctor may also advise additional tests to confirm the diagnosis and tailor the most suitable treatment.

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