Definition

Amphetamine is a stimulant that directly affects the central nervous system, providing various effects when consumed. These effects may include:

• Enhanced alertness
• Increased self-confidence
• Improved concentration and energy
• Reduced appetite
• Feelings of euphoria

In some countries, amphetamine is prescribed for medical purposes, particularly for treating conditions such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, due to the stimulating effects it provides, amphetamine is often misused by individuals without a valid medical need or prescription.

When taken in inappropriate or excessive amounts, amphetamine use can lead to several adverse side effects, such as:

• Anxiety
• Increased aggression
• Irritability
• Hallucinations
• Elevated heart rate
• High blood pressure
• Stroke

Due to these risks and its addictive potential, amphetamine usage must be strictly monitored by medical professionals.

Once ingested, amphetamine undergoes metabolic breakdown, enters the bloodstream, and is eventually excreted through urine. The concentration of amphetamine in the body can be measured by specific tests. These tests are particularly effective for early detection in cases where illegal drug use is suspected.

Th tests use various sample types, including urine, blood, saliva, and hair. Detection durations for amphetamine vary depending on the sample:

• Blood: Detectable for up to 48 hours after use.
• Urine: Detectable for 2–5 days after the last dose.
• Saliva: Detectable for up to 5 days post-use.
• Hair: Detectable for up to 3 months.

Indications

Amphetamine testing is conducted for various purposes, including:

• Testing is recommended if symptoms of an overdose are observed, such as:
• Hyperactivity and aggression
• Elevated blood pressure
• Rapid heartbeat
• Dilated pupils
• Hyperthermia (excessive body temperature)
• Violent behavior
• Anxiety
• Psychosis
• Some organizations or companies perform regular drug testing on employees and staff.
• Testing may be required for job applications, educational enrollment, or government positions to demonstrate freedom from illegal drug use.
• This test is used to confirm that an individual is not using illegal substances.

Contraindications

There are no specific medical conditions or circumstances that would prevent someone from undergoing amphetamine tests.

Preparation Prior to Test

Before taking an amphetamine test, it is important to inform your doctor about any medications or supplements you are currently using. Some medications may interfere with the accuracy of the test results.

Test Procedure

The method of conducting an amphetamine test varies based on the type of sample being collected, such as urine or blood.

Urine Test

For urine sample collection, you will be provided with a sterile container for the sample. Aim to collect 30–60 mL or about half the container. Collect midstream urine, avoid collecting the initial flow to reduce contamination risks. Once the sample is collected, securely seal the container and thoroughly wash your hands.

It is essential not to tamper with the urine sample by adding chemicals or substances, as this can invalidate the test. The collected sample will be sent to a laboratory for analysis, with results typically available within a few hours.

Blood Test

For blood sample collection, a healthcare professional will use a syringe to draw a small amount of blood, usually from a vein in the arm. Before the sample is taken, the area will be cleaned using antiseptic gauze or alcohol swabs. Typically, about 0.3–0.5 mL of blood is collected, depending on the test requirements. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for detailed analysis.

Normal and Abnormal Values

Amphetamine Urine Test

The normal value of this test is negative, indicated by one line on the test tool, meaning no amphetamine compounds are detected. A positive result is indicated by two lines on the test tool, showing amphetamine levels of >500 ng/mL in the urine sample. This suggests recent amphetamine use, typically within the past three days.

Amphetamine Blood Test

The normal value of amphetamine blood test is negative, indicates no detectable amphetamine compounds in the blood. A positive result shows amphetamine levels exceeding 0.2 mg/L, confirming amphetamine presence in the bloodstream.

Results and Recommendations (Follow-up Tests)

A negative result in either a urine or blood test indicates that no amphetamine compounds are detected. This may mean the individual has not consumed amphetamines, or amphetamine use occurred outside the test’s detection window.

A positive result confirms the presence of amphetamine in the body, detectable in urine or blood. This may suggest the individual is taking amphetamines for medical reasons under a prescription, or the drug is being misused for recreational purposes. In cases of positive results, further medical evaluation may be necessary. A doctor may recommend additional tests, including psychiatric assessment, blood tests, kidney function tests, and hepatitis B and C screening. The examinations are carried out to evaluate mental health and potential substance abuse issues, detect any adverse drug effects, and evaluate the risk of infectious diseases, often associated with intravenous drug use.

Consult the Right Doctor

A positive amphetamine test result requires immediate medical attention, as it indicates the presence of amphetamine in the body, which is abnormal. Consult a general practitioner or psychiatrist to identify the underlying cause and determine appropriate steps. For cases involving amphetamine abuse, medical personnel may recommend rehabilitation therapy to address addiction and any accompanying mental health issues, such as depression or anxiety.

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