Definition

Nutrition plays a crucial role in overall health and in addressing public health issues. Anthropometric testing involves measuring the physical dimensions of the human body, including its shape and size. The primary focus is on assessing bones, muscles, and fat tissue. The term "Anthropometry" comes from the Greek words anthropos (meaning human) and metron (meaning measurement).

Anthropometric measurements include various body dimensions, such as head length, head width, distance from chin to top of head, palm width, maximum palm width, palm length, foot width, sole length, and shoulder width. This test is important because excess fat tissue can increase the risk of various health conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, kidney stones, arthritis, and more.

The anthropometric test typically includes measurements such as height (both standing and sitting), weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, Body Mass Index (BMI), and body fat measurements (via skinfold thickness).

Indications

This test is often conducted in research studies that assess risk factors for diseases, such as using waist circumference to evaluate risks. In the industrial sector, anthropometric testing helps companies design equipment suited to human body dimensions. Additionally, anthropometric measurements are collected for national health surveys and used in entrance examinations for military or police service.

Contraindications

There are no specific contraindications for anthropometric test.

Preparation before the Test

No fasting is required prior to the test. It is important to inform your doctor about your medical history before undergoing the test.

Test Procedure

The anthropometric test requires the use of proper tools and trained personnel. It is essential that the tools used are calibrated and regularly checked to ensure their accuracy. Common tools include calibrated scales, stadiometers (used to measure height and weight), knee-height measurement devices, skinfold calipers, and measuring tapes.

A doctor or healthcare worker will take measurements based on specific examination parameters, such as:

• Growth Chart

The healthcare professional will consider factors like age, gender, and any other health issues that may impact growth. The results are then compared to the growth guide.

• Head Circumference

This is measured using a flexible examination tape wrapped around the middle of the head, crossing the forehead. The measurement is taken twice to ensure accuracy, with a range of 0.2 cm.

• Height

In children who can stand up, they can be checked with a stadiometer. You have to stand tall with both shoulders and heels together attached to the back of the stadium. Feet must widen 60 degrees. Measurements should be read with an accuracy of 0.1 cm and done 2 times.

• Weight

For infants under 2 years old, a digital baby scale is used. The baby should not be wearing clothes or diapers during the measurement.

• BMI

This test calculates the Body Mass Index (BMI) using your weight and height. While BMI helps assess obesity related to body fat, it does not directly measure body fat. It has limitations, as BMI values vary with age, gender, and ethnicity. For example, athletes may have a higher BMI due to increased muscle mass, even though they have low body fat.

• Waist Circumference

You will be asked to stand with your arms bent at the shoulders, and the measurement will be taken at the midpoint of your waist using a measuring tape.

• Skinfold Measurement

Skinfolds are measured at various sites on the body, such as the arms (biceps and triceps), thighs, abdomen, and chest. There are different techniques for performing these measurements, so it’s important to discuss the method with your doctor or healthcare provider.

Normal and Abnormal Values

Normal test values are determined by standards set by healthcare professionals or institutions. For example, a normal BMI falls between 18.5 and 24.9. Normal waist circumference values are less than or equal to 90 cm for men and less than or equal to 80 cm for women. Abnormal test results are indicated by values falling outside these normal ranges.

Results and Suggestions (Follow-up Test)

Test results vary based on factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and the method of measurement. Normal results indicate that the body is in good growth and condition. Abnormal results, particularly those falling below the normal range, may suggest poor physical health. For instance, a BMI below 18.5 classifies you as underweight. If the measurements exceed the normal range, you may have a higher risk of certain health conditions.

If your waist circumference exceeds the normal range, it could indicate a higher risk of developing diseases like diabetes and hypertension. It’s important to discuss these results with your doctor for further insights.

Consult the Right Doctor

If your anthropometric test results are abnormal, consult a general practitioner for proper diagnosis and treatment. The doctor may also recommend further tests. Depending on the results, you may be advised to adjust your diet. For more specialized care, you can also consult a nutritionist, orthopedist, or other healthcare providers. For pediatric patients, a pediatrician can offer more detailed information and guidance.

Looking for more information about laboratory, radiology, and other examination results? Click here!